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Research Article: Intraoperative Ultrasound in Minimally Invasive Laparoscopic and Robotic Pediatric Surgery: Our Experiences and Literature Review

Date Published: 2023-06-30

Abstract:
Ultrasound (US) is a non-invasive imaging technique frequently used to examine internal organs and superficial tissues, and invaluable in pediatric patients. In a surgical setting, intraoperative ultrasound allows to highlight anatomical structures in detail during traditional open and minimally invasive surgery, thanks to the use of specific probes. In fact, laparoscopic and robotic ultrasonography requires the development of specialized transducers that fit through laparoscopic trocars. In adults, laparoscopic ultrasound is used during cholecystectomy before dissection of the triangle of Calot, to guide liver biopsies and ablation procedures and for the staging of patients with pancreas adenocarcinoma. However, the applications in the pediatric field are still limited. This paper aims to share our preliminary experience with ultra-sound in minimally invasive laparoscopic and robotic pediatric surgery, describing two cases in which intra-operative ultrasound was applied, and to present a review of the literature on the state of the art of the actual uses in pediatric surgery.

Introduction:
Ultrasound (US) represents a mainstay in the assessment of internal organs and superficial tissues. It is a reliable and non-invasive tool that is highly recommended for the study of the pediatric patient, as in this category, the speed of execution and absence of ionizing radiation make it an ideal first-line diagnostic exam. Its major usefulness resides in the assessment of all abdominal organs, as it yields a better resolution compared to adults. In the newborn, it is also possible to analyze the cerebral…

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