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Research Article: Gut Microbiota to Microglia: Microbiome Influences Neurodevelopment in the CNS

Date Published: 2023-10-31

Abstract:
The brain is traditionally viewed as an immunologically privileged site; however, there are known to be multiple resident immune cells that influence the CNS environment and are reactive to extra-CNS signaling. Microglia are an important component of this system, which influences early neurodevelopment in addition to modulating inflammation and regenerative responses to injury and infection. Microglia are influenced by gut microbiome-derived metabolites, both as part of their normal function and potentially in pathological patterns that may induce neurodevelopmental disabilities or behavioral changes. This review aims to summarize the mounting evidence indicating that, not only is the Gut–Brain axis mediated by metabolites and microglia throughout an organism’s lifetime, but it is also influenced prenatally by maternal microbiome and diet, which holds implications for both early neuropathology and neurodevelopment.

Introduction:
The gastrointestinal tract houses a diverse community of trillions of bacteria that exist in a symbiotic relationship with their host organism. These commensal bacteria influence the host through facilitation of digestion, immune system modulation, and influencing neurologic function and behavior [1,2,3]. Additionally, the gut microbiome has been demonstrated to be vital for the establishment of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), as germ-free (GF) mice were found to have brain vascular endothelium that were highly…

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