Research Article: AM Serves as Promising Biomarker for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Abstract:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Patients with persistent airflow limitation, respiratory symptoms, and a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio of % are considered to have COPD. It is common knowledge that smoking cigarettes causes COPD. Epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages (AMs) become activated by tobacco smoke inhalation and emit chemoattractants that draw circulating neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes into the lung. The deterioration of the lung parenchyma, mucus hypersecretion, and small airway fibrosis are caused by these cells in COPD patients releasing more proteinases and growth factors.– However, mounting research points to the significance of other risk factors, particularly in developing nations. According to estimates, % to % of COPD patients have never smoked, which suggests the prevalence of non-smoking COPD is substantially higher than previously believed. COPD in smokers was reported to show features of emphysema than nonsmoking COPD patients., Nonsmoking COPD patients were less likely to have a chronic cough and expectoration. The frequency of acute symptomatic worsening, emergency visits and hospitalization were higher in non-smokers with COPD., However, most of the biomarkers of COPD found so far cannot exclude the influence of smoking. Looking for biomarkers in nonsmokers with COPD is of great significance.
Introduction:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Patients with persistent airflow limitation, respiratory symptoms, and a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV )/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio of % are considered to have COPD. It is common knowledge that smoking cigarettes causes COPD. Epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages (AMs) become activated by tobacco smoke inhalation and emit chemoattractants that draw circulating…
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