Research Article: Sono-Immunotherapy Mediated Controllable Composite Nano Fluorescent Probes Reprogram the Immune Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Abstract:
Immunotherapy offers significant advantages in the eradication of systemic metastases and tumors., Recently, the treatment with immunogenic cell death (ICD) has provided a novel approach to induce systemic anticancer immunity for immunotherapy., Among the various therapeutic modalities developed in the ultrasound (US) for noninvasive cancer treatment, sonodynamic treatment (SDT) emerges as a noteworthy and innovative approach. It offers several advantages, including exceptional tissue penetration, non-ionizing properties, precise controllability, and cost-effectiveness., As an integral step in the standard SDT procedure, US is utilized to stimulate sonosensitizers, inducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This ROS generation leads to the death of cancer cells through both the apoptosis and necrosis pathways., Based on preclinical animal models, the SDT process has demonstrated the ability to generate tumor antigens that can stimulate the immune system’s response against the tumor in the host. Treatment strategies for solid tumors encompass SDT and immunotherapy., However, despite the incorporation of therapy-induced ICD in many therapeutic techniques, tumor development can still arise due to immune tolerance mechanisms (ITM).– Significantly, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a critical role as the primary immunosuppressive cells within solid tumors. They have the potential to promote tumor cell invasion and migration, and their presence is closely associated with a poor prognosis., The M and M subtypes of TAMs, on the other hand, exhibit opposing immunological functions. In general, M-like macrophages have the potential to enhance antitumor immunity through the activation of T cells and the phagocytosis of tumor cells. On the contrary, M-like macrophages exhibit an opposing role by reducing the activity of T cells., It is noteworthy that specific stimuli have the ability to alter the phenotype of macrophages, and this flexibility enables an indirect yet effective approach to tumor immunotherapy.,
Introduction:
Immunotherapy offers significant advantages in the eradication of systemic metastases and tumors. , Recently, the treatment with immunogenic cell death (ICD) has provided a novel approach to induce systemic anticancer immunity for immunotherapy. , Among the various therapeutic modalities developed in the ultrasound (US) for noninvasive cancer treatment, sonodynamic treatment (SDT) emerges as a noteworthy and innovative approach. It offers several advantages, including exceptional tissue penetration, non-ionizing…
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