Research Article: Proinflammatory and Immunomodulatory Gene and Protein Expression Patterns in Spinal Cord and Spleen Following Acute and Chronic High Thoracic Injury
Introduction:
Spinal cord injury (SCI) at the upper thoracic level or higher disrupts sensory and motor activities but, equally importantly, renders fulminant autonomic dysfunction. Disruption of supraspinal sympathetic regulation results in severe secondary complications such as autonomic dysreflexia and immunosuppression. , The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system are two primary mediators of neuroimmune interactions, employing cytokines such as TNF?, interleukin-?, and IL-, as well as…
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