Research Article: Causal Paradigm Between Common Comorbidities of Cardiovascular and Metabolism-Related Diseases in Elderly: Evidence from Cross-Sectional and Mendelian Randomization Studies
Abstract:
Chronic diseases, also known as non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs), are a group of diseases caused by a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors. They have an insidious onset, a long course, and no clear etiology. Chronic diseases are major killers in the modern era, accounting for most healthcare expenditures. They are also increasingly becoming a health burden in lower- and middle-income countries, putting pressure on public health efforts to scale up interventions.,
Introduction:
Chronic diseases, also known as non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs), are a group of diseases caused by a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors. They have an insidious onset, a long course, and no clear etiology. Chronic diseases are major killers in the modern era, accounting for most healthcare expenditures. They are also increasingly becoming a health burden in lower- and middle-income countries, putting pressure on public health efforts to scale up interventions. ,
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