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Research Article: Integrating Bulk and Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Heterogeneity, Tumor Microenvironment, and Immunotherapeutic Efficacy Based on Sialylation-Related Genes in Bladder Cancer

Date Published: 2023-08-14

Abstract:
Bladder cancer (BLCA) is one of the most prevalent malignancies of the urinary system, with an estimated , new cases and , deaths worldwide in . Depending on the tissue type, it can be classified into urothelial and non-urothelial cancers, out of which urothelial cancer is the most frequent pathological type of BLCA, accounting for about %. Upon the invasion depth, it can be divided into non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), and their ratio is about : in patients with BLCA at the first consultation. Risk factors in developing BLCA include smoking, and exposure to cyclic chemicals, dyes, and paints. Despite the accelerated development of comprehensive treatment with multiple therapies in recent years, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. However, the high recurrence rate and high infiltration of BLCA have resulted in a poor prognostic outcome of patients with a median survival of merely months. Thus, a more in-depth investigation of the underlying mechanisms of BLCA is required to unlock new openings and identify more sensitive biomarkers for early diagnosis, individualized treatment, and prognostic outcomes of BLCA patients. The aberrant salivary acidification was observed in preceding research to play a critical role in the growth, metastasis, and immune evasion of several tumors, and could be applied as a biomarker for specific tumors.

Introduction:
Bladder cancer (BLCA) is one of the most prevalent malignancies of the urinary system, with an estimated , new cases and , deaths worldwide in . Depending on the tissue type, it can be classified into urothelial and non-urothelial cancers, out of which urothelial cancer is the most frequent pathological type of BLCA, accounting for about %. Upon the invasion depth, it can be divided into non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), and their ratio is about : in patients…

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