Research Article: Hyperinsulinemia Impaired Coronary Collateral Circulation in Patients with Chronic Total Coronary Occlusion
Introduction:
Chronic total coronary occlusion (CTO) refers to a coronary artery occlusion with complete cessation of antegrade blood flow for more than months. The presence of CTO could induce myocardial ischemia and increase risk of cardiac mortality. Coronary collaterals are collateral anastomosis between major coronary arteries. These collaterals exist in a normal heart from embryogenesis. When a major coronary artery is obstructed, the collaterals will open and develop by the mechanism of arteriogenesis. Well-developed…
Read more