Research Article: M-Type Macrophages Secrete TNF-? to Stimulate Vascular Calcification by Upregulating CA and CA Expression in VSMCs
Introduction:
Atherosclerosis (AS) is characterized by the presence of lesions called atheromatous plaques. A plaque is focal thickening of the intima that is caused by the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and the deposition of cholesterol, lipids, hydroxyapatite and fibrous connective tissue. The essential step in the process is calcium precipitation, which traps cholesterol as well as other plaque precursor matrices to form atherosclerotic lesions. , There is a high correlation between calcification degree and AS…
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