Research Article: Direct and Dural Carotid Cavernous Sinus Fistulas: Comparison of Clinical Characteristics
Introduction:
Carotid cavernous sinus fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal vascular shunts, allowing blood to flow either directly or indirectly from the carotid artery into the cavernous sinus. CCFs can be classified based on the hemodynamic properties as low flow or high flow; the etiology as traumatic or spontaneous; and the angiographic anatomy of the shunts following Barrow classification. Barrow et al classified CCFs into direct and indirect or dural CCFs. Direct CCFs are those arising directly from the carotid artery, while…
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