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Research Article: Characteristics of TB/HIV Co-Infection and Patterns of Multidrug-Resistance Tuberculosis in the Northwest Amhara, Ethiopia

Date Published: 2023-06-16

Abstract:
Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable contagious disease caused by a single infectious agent, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) complex strain. It is the most prevalent opportunistic bacterial infection. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Global TB Report , there were an estimated . million (.– million) cases of TB worldwide in , of which .% were TB/HIV co-infected cases, an increase of .% from the estimates of . million (.–. million) in ; . million deaths (. million among HIV-negative individuals and , among HIV-positive individuals); and close to , multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) cases (defined as TB resistant to the two most effective first-line anti-TB drugs called isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF)) in , an increase by .% in . The highest incidence of TB cases in was among South-East Asia (%) WHO area followed by Africa (%). Ethiopia is one of the global lists of high-burden countries for TB and HIV-associated TB, but transitioned out of MDR-TB list. The current effective global TB control approach is based on an early diagnosis and sufficient treatment regimens using anti-TB medications globally. Nonetheless, the emergency and spread of drug resistance such as MDR-TB remains one of the ongoing problems in the global TB control campaign. The extent of occurrence of drug-resistant TB including MDR-TB and its burden varies significantly from country to country and from region to region but is high in resource-poor countries. The emergency of MDR-TB arises from spontaneous chromosomal resistance-conferring mutations at a low frequency, and they can be transmitted directly from one person to another by resistant bacteria that possess these variants. Besides, the majority of drug-resistant strains are also acquired by environmental exposure due to physician error including selection pressure brought on by inappropriate anti-TB drug prescriptions, poor diagnostic capabilities or insufficient infrastructure in healthcare facilities, inadequate treatment follow-up, improper management of TB control programs, and poor patient compliance.–

Introduction:
Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable contagious disease caused by a single infectious agent, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M. tuberculosis ) complex strain. It is the most prevalent opportunistic bacterial infection. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Global TB Report , there were an estimated . million (.– million) cases of TB worldwide in , of which .% were TB/HIV co-infected cases, an increase of .% from the estimates of . million (.–. million) in ; . million deaths (. million among HIV-negative…

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