Research Article: Application of Butorphanol versus Sufentanil in Multimode Analgesia via Patient Controlled Intravenous Analgesia After Hepatobiliary Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Introduction:
Acute postoperative pain remains one of the most common challenges in patients undergoing hepatobiliary surgery. , Insufficient analgesia has been associated with increased sympathetic activation, immune suppression, higher risk of cardiovascular and respiratory systems, delayed recovery of gastrointestinal peristalsis function, and adverse psychological emotions. , If not well controlled in the initial stage, acute pain may result in peripheral and central sensitization, and evolve into chronic pain after…
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