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Research Article: Predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors associated with opioid addiction helping behaviour in tri-state Appalachian counties: application of the PRECEDE–PROCEED model–cross-sectional analysis

Date Published: 2023-05-16

Abstract:
Objectives The overdose epidemic was designated a ‘Public Health Emergency’ in the USA on 26 October 2017, bringing attention to the severity of this public health problem. The Appalachian region remains substantially impacted by the effects from years of overprescription of opioids, and subsequently opioid non-medical use and addiction. This study aims to examine the utility of the PRECEDE–PROCEED model constructs (ie, predisposing, reinforcing and enabling factors) to explain opioid addiction helping behaviour (ie, helping someone who has an opioid addiction) among members of the public living in tri-state Appalachian counties. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Rural county in the Appalachian region of the USA. Participants A total of 213 participants from a retail mall in a rural Appalachian Kentucky county completed the survey. Most participants were between the ages of 18 and 30 years (n=68; 31.9%) and identified as men (n=139; 65.3%). Primary outcome measure Opioid addiction helping behaviour. Results The regression model was significant ( F (6, 180) =26.191, p<0.001) and explained 44.8% of the variance in opioid addiction helping behaviour (R 2 =0.448). Attitude towards helping someone with opioid addiction (B=0.335; p<0.001), behavioural skills (B=0.208; p=0.003), reinforcing factors (B=0.190; p=0.015) and enabling factors (B=0.195; p=0.009) were all significantly associated with opioid addiction helping behaviour. Conclusions PRECEDE–PROCEED model constructs have utility to explain opioid addiction helping behaviour among individuals in a region greatly impacted by the overdose epidemic. This study provides an empirically tested framework for future programmes addressing helping behaviour related to opioid non-medical use.

Introduction:
On 26 October 2017, the overdose epidemic was declared a ‘Public Health Emergency’ in the USA, which brought renewed focus to this dangerous and pervasive problem. Since 1999, nearly 841 000 people have died in the USA due to a drug overdose, where 72.9% of those deaths involved an opioid. 1 In 2019 alone, opioids were involved in 49 860 overdose deaths in the USA. 1 In 2019, it is estimated that about 10.1 million people in the USA aged 12 years or older had non-medically used opioids in the last year, with 9.7…

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