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Research Article: Impact of areal socioeconomic status on prehospital delay of acute ischaemic stroke: retrospective cohort study from a prefecture-wide survey in Japan

Date Published: 2023-08-24

Abstract:
Objectives To examine whether the Areal Deprivation Index (ADI), an indicator of the socioeconomic status of the community the patient resides in, is associated with delayed arrival at the hospital and poor outcomes in patients with acute ischaemic stroke from a prefecture-wide stroke database in Japan. Design Retrospective study. Setting Twenty-nine acute stroke hospitals in Kochi prefecture, Japan. Participants Nine thousand and six hundred fifty-one patients with acute ischaemic stroke who were urgently hospitalised, identified using the Kochi Acute Stroke Survey of Onset registry. Capital and non-capital areas were analysed separately. Primary and secondary outcome measures Prehospital delay defined as hospital arrival ?4-hour after stroke onset, poor hospital outcomes (in-hospital mortality and discharge to a nursing facility) and the opportunities of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and endovascular reperfusion therapy. Results In the overall cohort, prehospital delay was observed in 6373 (66%) patients. Among individuals residing in non-capital areas, those living in municipalities with higher ADI (more deprived) carried a significantly higher risk of prehospital delay (per one-point increase, OR (95% CI) 1.45 (1.26 to 1.66)) by multivariable logistic regression analysis. In-hospital mortality (1.45 (1.02 to 2.06)), discharge to a nursing facility (1.31 (1.03 to 1.66)), and delayed candidate arrival ?2-hour of intravenous rt-PA (2.04 (1.30 to 3.26)) and endovascular reperfusion therapy (2.27 (1.06 to 5.00)), were more likely to be observed in the deprived areas with higher ADI. In the capital areas, postal-code-ADI was not associated with prehospital delay (0.97 (0.66 to 1.41)). Conclusions Living in socioeconomically disadvantaged municipalities was associated with prehospital delays of acute ischaemic stroke in non-capital areas in Kochi prefecture, Japan. Poorer outcomes of those patients may be caused by delayed treatment of intravenous rt-PA and endovascular reperfusion therapy. Further studies are necessary to determine social risk factors in the capital areas. Trial registration number This article is linked to a clinical trial to UMIN000050189, No.: R000057166 and relates to its Result stage.

Introduction:
Because of the limited time window for reperfusion therapy, immediate treatment is essential for favourable outcomes in acute ischaemic stroke. 1 2 While in-hospital flow for transvenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) has improved, prehospital delays remain the main cause of treatment delay. 3 In addition to patients’ symptomatology as an intrinsic factor, patients’ circumstances as an external factor including bystanders and their social networks have been reported to affect the patient transfer…

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