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Research Article: Detecting transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) using machine learning: an evaluation of the performance of an algorithm in a UK setting

Date Published: 2023-10-29

Abstract:
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential real-world application of a machine learning (ML) algorithm, developed and trained on heart failure (HF) cohorts in the USA, to detect patients with undiagnosed wild type cardiac amyloidosis (ATTRwt) in the UK. Design In this retrospective observational study, anonymised, linked primary and secondary care data (Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD and Hospital Episode Statistics, respectively, were used to identify patients diagnosed with HF between 2009 and 2018 in the UK. International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 clinical modification codes were matched to equivalent Read (primary care) and ICD-10 WHO (secondary care) diagnosis codes used in the UK. In the absence of specific Read or ICD-10 WHO codes for ATTRwt, two proxy case definitions (definitive and possible cases) based on the degree of confidence that the contributing codes defined true ATTRwt cases were created using ML. Primary outcome measure Algorithm performance was evaluated primarily using the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) by comparing the actual versus algorithm predicted case definitions at varying sensitivities and specificities. Results The algorithm demonstrated strongest predictive ability when a combination of primary care and secondary care data were used (AUROC: 0.84 in definitive cohort and 0.86 in possible cohort). For primary care or secondary care data alone, performance ranged from 0.68 to 0.78. Conclusion The ML algorithm, despite being developed in a US population, was effective at identifying patients that may have ATTRwt in a UK setting. Its potential use in research and clinical care to aid identification of patients with undiagnosed ATTRwt, possibly enabling earlier diagnosis in the disease pathway, should be investigated.

Introduction:
Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is a progressive, fatal disease characterised by the deposition of misfolded transthyretin (TTR) amyloid fibrils in the myocardium which in turn leads to heart failure (HF). 1 There are two forms of ATTR-CM: wild-type (ATTRwt), which is associated with ageing, and hereditary (ATTRv), caused by genetic mutations of the TTR gene. 2 Both forms of the disease can be difficult to diagnose due to similarities between ATTR-CM and other causes of HF. 1 ATTRv is rare and…

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