Research Article: Associations between 11 parental discipline behaviours and child outcomes across 60 countries
Abstract:
Objectives To test associations between 11 caregiver aggressive and non-aggressive discipline behaviours and outcomes (aggression, distraction and prosocial peer relations) of children under 5 years in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Participants Data came from the fourth (2009–2013) and fifth (2012–2017) rounds of the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Analyses were restricted to households with children under 5 years, leaving a sample of 229?465 respondents across 60 LMICs. Data were analysed using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression. Results Verbal reasoning (80%) and shouting (66%) were the most common parental discipline behaviours towards young children. Psychological and physical aggression were associated with higher child aggression and distraction. Compared with not using verbal reasoning, verbal reasoning was associated with lower odds of aggression (OR)=0.92, 95% credible interval (CI)=0.86 to 0.99) and higher odds of prosocial peer relations (OR=1.30, 95%?CI=1.20 to 1.42). Taking away privileges was associated with higher odds of distraction (OR=1.09, 95%?CI=1.03 to 1.15) and lower odds of prosocial peer relations (OR=0.92, 95%?CI=0.87 to 0.98). Giving the child something else to do was associated with higher odds of distraction (OR=1.06, 95%?CI=1.01 to 1.12). The results indicated country-level variation in the associations between parenting behaviours and child socioemotional outcomes. Conclusions Psychological and physical aggression were disadvantageous for children’s socioemotional development across countries. Only verbal reasoning was associated with positive child socioemotional development. No form of psychological aggression or physical aggression benefited child socioemotional development in any country. Greater emphasis should be dedicated to reducing parental use of psychological and physical aggression across cultural contexts.
Introduction:
Caregiver discipline behaviours used to correct perceived child misbehaviour generally fall into three broad categories: psychological aggression, physical aggression and non-aggressive discipline. 1 Aggressive discipline behaviours involve coercion and power assertion by the caregiver. 2 Psychological aggression refers to an adult’s attempts to gain control of a child’s behaviour through verbal methods such as shouting and name calling. 3 Physical aggression involves the use of physical force with the intention…
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