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Research Article: Association between anxiety and depression and all-cause mortality: a 50-year follow-up of the Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden

Date Published: 2023-11-21

Abstract:
Objectives This study aimed to examine the association between anxiety disorders and/or major depression disorder (ADs/MDD) and all-cause mortality in a 50-year perspective and to examine specific risk and health factors that may influence such an association. Design Observational population study, 1968–2019. Setting The Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden (PSWG). Participants In 1968–1969, 899 (out of 1462) women from PSWG were selected according to date of birth for a psychiatric investigation, including diagnostic evaluation. Eight hundred (89%) were accepted. Twenty-two women were excluded. Of the 778 included, 135 participants (17.4 %) had solely ADs, 32 (4.1%) had solely MDD and 25 (3.2%) had comorbid AD/MDD. Primary and secondary outcome measures Associations between ADs, MDD, comorbid AD/MDD and all-cause mortality with adjustments for potential confounding factors. Differences between the groups concerning health and risk factors and their association with mortality. Results In a fully adjusted model, ADs were non-significantly associated with all-cause mortality (HR 1.17, 95%?CI 0.98 to 1.41). When examining age during risk time as separate intervals, a significant association between mortality and AD was seen in the group of participants who died at the age of 65–80 years (HR 1.70, 95%?CI 1.26 to 2.29). In the younger or older age interval, the association did not reach significance at the 95% level of confidence. Among confounding factors, smoking and physical activity were the strongest contributors. The association between smoking and mortality tended to be further increased in the group with ADs versus the group without such disorders (HR 2.10, 95%?CI 1.60 to 2.75 and HR 1.82, 95%?CI 1.56 to 2.12, respectively). Conclusions This study suggests potential links between ADs, age and mortality among women with 50 years of follow-up, but does not provide definitive conclusions due to the borderline significance of the results.

Introduction:
Worldwide, mental disorders are among the top 10 leading causes of morbidity. Major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders (ADs) are the most significant contributors to this, affecting more than half a billion people and are over-represented among women. 1 2 The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare states that persons with mental disorders have an increased risk of incidence as well as mortality in somatic disorders, compared with people without mental illness. 3 However, the association between…

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