Research Article: Cephalic arch stenosis: an analysis of outcome by type of first intervention
Introduction:
Cephalic arch stenosis (CAS) is a common occurrence occurring in up to 70% of brachiocephalic fistulas (BCF [1]) and is recognised as the most common cause of BCF failure [2]. Delto-pectoral fascial compression, presence of valves and variable curvature are among the factors that might contribute to the development of CAS [3]. It is also postulated that high flow leads to low wall shear stresses (WSS) with compensatory neointimal hyperplasia and lumen reduction to restore the local WSS [4,5,6]. Other factors may…
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