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Research Article: Immunotherapy Efficacy in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Diverse and Underserved Population in the United States

Date Published: 2024-02-03

Abstract:
Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world, accounting for .% of all new cancer cases. It is also the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The most common type of primary liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accounting for % of all cases. The burden of HCC is unevenly distributed based on race and sex with men and racial/ethnic minorities being disproportionately affected. The Bronx, one of the five boroughs in New York City (NYC) with large minority and underserved populations, is a hotspot for liver cancer, with a rate of incidence higher than the national average and the rest of the city. Liver cancer in under-represented groups is distinct from majority populations. Under-represented groups have different risk factor profiles for liver disease, a higher incidence of comorbidities, lower enrollment in screening programs, and unequal access to treatment, all culminating in increased mortality., The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has revolutionized the treatment of HCC with substantial improvement in outcomes., However, the efficacy of ICI in underrepresented groups is not well-established due to infrequent inclusion of minority patients in the pivotal trials that led to the widespread adoption of ICI in clinical practice. Therefore, further study of ICI benefit in these populations is urgently needed.

Introduction:
Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world, accounting for .% of all new cancer cases. It is also the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The most common type of primary liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accounting for % of all cases. The burden of HCC is unevenly distributed based on race and sex with men and racial/ethnic minorities being disproportionately affected. The Bronx, one of the five boroughs in New York City (NYC) with large minority and underserved populations,…

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