Research Article: METTL/MALAT/ELAVL Axis Promotes Tumor Growth in Ovarian Cancer
Abstract:
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the second largest type of cancer in the female reproductive system and accounts for death cases more than any other female reproductive system cancer., Nearly % of OC cases originate from epithelial cells and comprise multiple histologic types, differing in specific molecular changes, clinical behaviours, and treatment outcomes. The remaining % are of non-epithelial origins, which mainly include germ cell tumors, sex cord-stromal tumors, and some extremely rare tumors such as small cell carcinomas. The treatment of OC is one of the most challenging in gynecological oncology, and the cure rate remains relatively the same over the past years. The -year survival rate for stage I and II EOC patients is about %–%. Unfortunately, over % of OC patients are diagnosed at advanced stage, and only % of these patients could survive for more than years due to a lack of specific early clinical symptoms. BRCA/ germline mutations, which are the most influential genetic risk factors for epithelial OC, are present among –% of women with epithelial OC. The BRCA/ status can be used as a therapeutic agent and for estimating prognostic outcomes because BRCA/ carriers with epithelial OC respond better than non-carriers to platinum-based chemotherapies. This may improve OC patients’ survival, even though the cancer is generally diagnosed at a later stage and higher grade. Clinical treatment outcomes of OC depend on the molecular and biological characteristics of tumor tissues. Epithelial OC develops according to two different carcinogenic pathways, specially, type I includes most endometrioid, clear cells, and mucinous carcinomas, whereas type II is high-grade, biologically aggressive tumors, with a propensity for metastasis from small-volume primary lesions. High-grade serous tumors develop according to the type II pathway and present p and BRCA mutations, while low-grade serous tumors are characterized by mutations in KRAS, BRAF, PTEN, PIKCA. In this case, molecular targeted therapy given alone or used in combination with chemotherapy may produce favorable results. Genomic alterations in the DNA damage repair pathway are emerging as novel targets for treatment of OC. Platinum compounds and PARP inhibitors are the two main classes of active drugs against cancer cells harboring DNA damage repair alterations. On the other hand, as PD-L expression is relatively rare in OC, it is necessary to further investigate potential predictive biomarkers for immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Discovery of reliable OC biomarkers and their molecular mechanisms plays an important role in OC management and has a significant impact on the prognosis and molecular targeted therapy for OC patients., Proteomics, such as mass spectrometry and protein array analysis, have improved the study on underlying molecular signaling events and proteomic characterization of OC. Performing proteomics analysis to explore OC patients’ adaptive responses to therapy can help develop therapeutic choices, suppress drug resistance and potentially improve treatment outcomes.
Introduction:
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the second largest type of cancer in the female reproductive system and accounts for death cases more than any other female reproductive system cancer. , Nearly % of OC cases originate from epithelial cells and comprise multiple histologic types, differing in specific molecular changes, clinical behaviours, and treatment outcomes. The remaining % are of non-epithelial origins, which mainly include germ cell tumors, sex cord-stromal tumors, and some extremely rare tumors such as small cell…
Read more