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Research Article: Eye movement and pupillary response abnormalities measured using virtual reality as biomarkers in the diagnosis of early-stage Parkinson’s disease

Date Published: 2025-04-23

Introduction:
Objective: Characteristic ocular symptoms are expected to serve as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, possible ocular impairments in PD patients are rarely studied. The study aimed to investigate eye movement characteristics and pupil diameter changes in early-stage PD patients using virtual reality (VR)-based system and explore their contribution in the diagnosis of early-stage PD.

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