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Research Article: Calendar time trends in synchronous metastatic urinary bladder cancer before and after the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a nation-wide population-based cohort study

Date Published: 2025-10-02

Introduction:
For the 3-5% of patients diagnosed with urinary bladder cancer presenting with distant metastases, the five-year survival probability remains below 10% ( 1 – 3 ). Since the late 1980s, platinum-based combination chemotherapy has been the cornerstone of treatment for metastatic urinary bladder cancer (mUBC) ( 4 , 5 ). For cisplatin-ineligible patients, carboplatin-gemcitabine was established as an alternative in 2011 ( 6 , 7 ), and is currently used as first-line chemotherapy in approximately half of the patients…

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